These effects were mediated by changes in the expression of coding genes to synthetic and metabolizing melatonergic enzymes.

There was an increase in cortical and no change in cerebellar MEL. In the brain, the response was structure-dependent.

Low ATP doses increased MEL output, while high ATP dose and the P2X7R agonist BzATP (15.0 – 50.0 ng) increased NAS pineal and blood content. Nocturnal pineal activity mimicked the in culture data. Here we mimicked a focal increase of ATP by injecting low (0.3 and 1.0 µg) and high (3.0 µg) ATP in the right lateral ventricle of adult rats. Otherwise, ATP low-affinity P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activation impairs NAS into MEL conversion in NAd incubated pineals. ATP is a cotransmitter of the noradrenergic signal and potentiates noradrenaline (NAd)-induced MEL synthesis via P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) activation. Fungi, bacteria, and pro-inflammatory cytokines block nocturnal pineal MEL synthesis, facilitating leukocyte migration to injured areas. In healthy conditions, nocturnal circulating melatonin (MEL) impairs the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial layer. The pineal gland is a key player in surveillance and defense responses.

Renaine mk ii